Bitcoin White Paper
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System by Satoshi Nakamoto (2008). The nine-page paper that described Bitcoin’s design for electronic cash without a central authority.
Open Bitcoin White Paper →Original founding documents
Bitcoin & Ethereum White Papers
Open the original papers that introduced Bitcoin and Ethereum. Each document opens in its own browser window or tab.
Ethereum White Paper
Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform by Vitalik Buterin. The founding vision for a programmable blockchain beyond digital cash.
Open Ethereum White Paper →These links go to official public sources. Educational use only — not investment advice. If a popup was blocked, use the two buttons above to open each paper.